Python Programming Cheat Sheet

Advanced Python programming reference guide

Python Programming Cheat Sheet

Advanced Python programming concepts and patterns. Click the copy button to copy any command.

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List Comprehensions

CommandCopyDescription
[x*2 for x in range(10)]Basic list comprehension
[x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]List comprehension with condition
[x if x > 0 else 0 for x in nums]List comprehension with if-else
[[i*j for j in range(3)] for i in range(3)]Nested list comprehension
[x+y for x in list1 for y in list2]Multiple iterables

Dictionary Comprehensions

CommandCopyDescription
{x: x**2 for x in range(5)}Basic dict comprehension
{k: v for k, v in dict.items() if v > 0}Dict comprehension with filter
{v: k for k, v in dict.items()}Swap keys and values

Set Comprehensions

CommandCopyDescription
{x**2 for x in range(10)}Basic set comprehension
{x for x in list if x > 0}Set comprehension with filter

Generator Expressions

CommandCopyDescription
(x**2 for x in range(10))Generator expression
sum(x**2 for x in range(10))Generator in function

Lambda Functions

CommandCopyDescription
lambda x: x*2Simple lambda
lambda x, y: x + yLambda with multiple args
lambda x: x if x > 0 else 0Lambda with conditional
sorted(list, key=lambda x: x[1])Lambda as key function

Map, Filter, Reduce

CommandCopyDescription
list(map(lambda x: x*2, nums))Map with lambda
list(filter(lambda x: x > 0, nums))Filter with lambda
from functools import reduce reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, nums)Reduce to sum

Decorators

CommandCopyDescription
@decorator def func(): passBasic decorator usage
def decorator(func): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): return func(*args, **kwargs) return wrapperDefine decorator
@propertyProperty decorator
@staticmethodStatic method decorator
@classmethodClass method decorator

Generators

CommandCopyDescription
def gen(): yield valueBasic generator
next(generator)Get next value from generator
yield from iterableDelegate to sub-generator

Context Managers

CommandCopyDescription
with open("file") as f: data = f.read()File context manager
from contextlib import contextmanager @contextmanager def my_context(): yieldCustom context manager

Classes - Advanced

CommandCopyDescription
class MyClass: def __init__(self, x): self.x = xClass with constructor
class Child(Parent):Inheritance
super().__init__()Call parent constructor
def __str__(self): return "string"String representation
def __repr__(self): return "repr"Object representation
def __len__(self): return lengthLength magic method
def __getitem__(self, key): return self.data[key]Index access
@property def x(self): return self._xGetter property
@x.setter def x(self, value): self._x = valueSetter property

Data Classes

CommandCopyDescription
from dataclasses import dataclass @dataclass class Point: x: int y: intDefine dataclass

Type Hints

CommandCopyDescription
def func(x: int) -> int:Function with type hints
from typing import List, Dict, TupleImport typing module
numbers: List[int] = [1, 2, 3]List type hint
data: Dict[str, int] = {}Dict type hint
from typing import Optional x: Optional[int] = NoneOptional type
from typing import Union x: Union[int, str]Union type

Itertools

CommandCopyDescription
from itertools import chain chain(list1, list2)Chain iterables
from itertools import combinations combinations(iterable, r)Generate combinations
from itertools import permutations permutations(iterable, r)Generate permutations
from itertools import product product(iter1, iter2)Cartesian product
from itertools import islice islice(iterable, start, stop)Slice iterator

Collections

CommandCopyDescription
from collections import Counter Counter(list)Count elements
from collections import defaultdict defaultdict(int)Dict with default values
from collections import deque deque([1, 2, 3])Double-ended queue
from collections import namedtuple Point = namedtuple("Point", ["x", "y"])Named tuple

String Methods - Advanced

CommandCopyDescription
s.partition(sep)Split into 3-tuple
s.zfill(width)Pad with zeros
s.center(width)Center string
s.ljust(width)Left justify
s.rjust(width)Right justify

List Methods - Advanced

CommandCopyDescription
list.extend(iterable)Add all items from iterable
list.index(value)Find index of value
list.count(value)Count occurrences
list.copy()Shallow copy of list
list.clear()Remove all items

Dictionary Methods - Advanced

CommandCopyDescription
dict.setdefault(key, default)Get or set default
dict.update(other_dict)Update with another dict
dict.pop(key, default)Remove and return value
dict.popitem()Remove and return last item
{**dict1, **dict2}Merge dictionaries

Unpacking

CommandCopyDescription
*argsUnpack positional arguments
**kwargsUnpack keyword arguments
a, *rest = [1, 2, 3, 4]Unpack with rest
a, *middle, b = [1, 2, 3, 4]Unpack middle values

Walrus Operator (Python 3.8+)

CommandCopyDescription
if (n := len(list)) > 10:Assignment in expression
while (line := f.readline()):Assign and check in loop

F-strings - Advanced

CommandCopyDescription
f"{variable=}"Debug f-string (Python 3.8+)
f"{value:.2f}"Format to 2 decimals
f"{value:>10}"Right align in 10 spaces
f"{value:,}"Thousands separator

Pathlib

CommandCopyDescription
from pathlib import Path Path("file.txt")Create Path object
path.exists()Check if path exists
path.read_text()Read file as text
path.write_text(text)Write text to file
path.glob("*.txt")Find matching files

Async/Await

CommandCopyDescription
async def func(): await operationAsync function
asyncio.run(func())Run async function
await asyncio.gather(*tasks)Run tasks concurrently

Error Handling - Advanced

CommandCopyDescription
raise ValueError("message")Raise specific exception
except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:Catch multiple exceptions
else:Execute if no exception
try: pass except Exception: pass else: pass finally: passComplete try block

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